高级氧化技术在造纸废水处理中的研究进展

高级氧化技术是近几年很受关注的废水处理新技术，用其处理造纸废水的研究也在广泛展开。从这种技术的机理、研究现状及存在问题出发，阐述了这些新方法在造纸废水处理中的实验研究及应用的可能性。     

石墨极板电氧化法处理靛蓝染料废水初步研究

采用惰性材料石墨为阳极的电氧化法处理靛蓝染料废水。研究了进水浓度、不同电解质的作用对处理效果的影响，获得了COD去除率大于90％、色度去除率大于95％的处理效果。     

Cr元素对铁合金抗热强碱磨损腐蚀性能的影响

测定了10钢、20Cr5、20Cr11含铬铸钢和185Cr13、295Cr26高铬铸铁在85℃的质量浓度为303g蛐L的NaOH溶液中的腐蚀速率、电位鄄时间曲线、静态及冲刷条件下的电化学曲线。实验结果显示,铬钢和铬铸铁在静态浸泡中,电位都经历过高—低—高的变化,表明其腐蚀历程相似。在静态条件下,含铬量高的铬钢和铸铁腐蚀失重大于含铬量低的材料。在冲刷条件下,由失重法获得的总失重和由极化曲线计算得到的腐蚀失重均显示含铬高的铸铁抗磨损腐蚀性能优于含铬量相对低的铸铁。增加铬含量,对合金抗热强碱的纯腐蚀有不利的影响,但却有利于材料抗热强碱介质的磨损腐蚀。     

“三合一”微生物燃料电池的产电特性研究

为了降低内阻,尽可能提高微生物燃料电池的输出功率,提出了一种将阳极、质子交换膜和阴极热压在一起的"三合一"膜电极形式的微生物燃料电池,并考察了其在接种厌氧污泥条件下对乙酸自配水的产电特性.该"三合一"电池在稳定运行条件下电池内阻约为10～30Ω,远低于现已报道的其它形式的微生物燃料电池的内阻.目前该"三合一"型微生物燃料电池最大输出功率密度约300 mW·m-2,库仑效率约50%.试验结果表明,在一个间歇运行周期中,电池内阻增加是引起输出电压降低的最主要原因.同时在不同的外阻条件下,需要降低极化的重点不同.     

超声振动强化膜分离过程机理的研究

膜分离过程中的浓差极化现象是影响膜分离效果的主要因素之一 ,本文探索了利用超声振动的方法来强化膜分离反应过程。首先建立了其动力学模型 ,然后通过试验对其强化机理进行了深入的探讨 ,以达到经济、高效地提高膜分离效果的目的。     

废水脉冲电解处理节能高效的原因分析

将脉冲电源和直流电源分别作为废水电解处理的电源,试验探明其对废水电解处理的电能消耗和COD去除率的影响,并分析废水脉冲电解处理节能高效的原因。试验结果表明,脉冲电流相对直流电流能够更加有效减缓电极的极化,降低电极过电位,使电能消耗降低15%-35%;在脉冲电解处理废水过程中电流效率稳定、Fe^2＋能够有效扩散到废水中,使去污效果增强5%-7%。     

Electrochemical incineration of high concentration azo dye wastewater on the in situ activated platinum electrode with sustained microwave radiation

In this study, an in situ microwave activated platinum electrode was developed for the first time to completely incinerate the azo dye simulated wastewater containing methyl orange. The experiments were carried out in a circulating system under atmospheric pressure. Azo bond of methyl orange was partly broken on Pt, certain decoloration was reached, and the total organic carbon was not removed effectively without microwave activation. However, methyl orange was mineralized completely and efficiently on the in situ microwave activated Pt. 2,5-Dinitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, benzoquinone, maleic and oxalic acids are the main intermediates during degradation of methyl orange. Aromatic products are the main substances leading to the poisoning of Pt and decrease of electrochemical oxidation efficiency, so methyl orange removal can not be carried out thoroughly. However, the intermediates were broke down quickly with in situ microwave activation promoting the mineralization of methyl orange on Pt.     

Enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxidation of antibiotic wastewater over the conductive black carbon-PbO2 electrode prepared using novel green approach

• A novel conductive carbon black modified lead dioxide electrode is synthesized. • The modified PbO₂ electrode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performances. • BBD method could predict optimal experiment conditions accurately and reliably. • The modified electrode possesses outstanding reusability and safety. The secondary pollution caused by modification of an electrode due to doping of harmful materials has long been a big concern. In this study, an environmentally friendly material, conductive carbon black, was adopted for modification of lead dioxide electrode (PbO₂). It was observed that the as-prepared conductive carbon black modified electrode (C-PbO₂) exhibited an enhanced electrocatalytical performance and more stable structure than a pristine PbO₂ electrode, and the removal efficiency of metronidazole (MNZ) and COD by a 1.0% C-PbO₂ electrode at optimal conditions was increased by 24.66% and 7.01%, respectively. Results revealed that the electrochemical degradation of MNZ wastewater followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. This intimates that the presence of conductive carbon black could improve the current efficiency, promote the generation of hydroxyl radicals, and accelerate the removal of MNZ through oxidation. In addition, MNZ degradation pathways through a C-PbO₂ electrode were proposed based on the identified intermediates. To promote the electrode to treat antibiotic wastewater, optimal experimental conditions were predicted through the Box-Behnken design (BBD) method. The results of this study suggest that a C-PbO₂ electrode may represent a promising functional material to pretreat antibiotic wastewaters.     

Recent advances in the electrochemical oxidation water treatment: Spotlight on byproduct control

• Byproduct formation mechanisms during electrochemical oxidation water treatment. • Control byproduct formation by quenchers. • Process optimization to suppress byproduct formation. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is a promising technique for decentralized wastewater treatment, owing to its modular design, high efficiency, and ease of automation and transportation. The catalytic destruction of recalcitrant, non-biodegradable pollutants (per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, etc.) is an appropriate niche for EO. EO can be more effective than homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of recalcitrant chemicals inert to radical-mediated oxidation, because the potential of the anode can be made much higher than that of hydroxyl radicals (E_OH = 2.7 V vs. NHE), forcing the direct transfer of electrons from pollutants to electrodes. Unfortunately, at such high anodic potential, chloride ions, which are ubiquitous in natural water systems, will be readily oxidized to chlorine and perchlorate. Perchlorate is a to-be-regulated byproduct, and chlorine can react with matrix organics to produce organic halogen compounds. In the past ten years, novel electrode materials and processes have been developed. However, spotlights were rarely focused on the control of byproduct formation during EO processes in a real-world context. When we use EO techniques to eliminate target contaminants with concentrations at μg/L-levels, byproducts at mg/L-levels might be produced. Is it a good trade-off? Is it possible to inhibit byproduct formation without compromising the performance of EO? In this mini-review, we will summarize the recent advances and provide perspectives to address the above questions.